Essay on Identity in Song of Solomon -- Song Solomon essays

Searching for Identity in Song of Solomon Abstract Whether Africans really fly or just escape a monumental burden, perhaps only through death, is a decision Toni Morrison has apparently left to her readers. Never the less, no matter what you believe, within Song of Solomon, the suggestion is, that in drift to fly you must go back to the beginning, back to your roots. You must learn the art from the old messages. O Sugarman done fly away Sugarman done done for(p) Sugarman cut across the sky Sugarman gone home... (6)1 Milkman was innate(p) to fly. Perhaps not Maybe, he was just doomed to a life of flight. Toni Morrison seemingly presents her readers a choice. Milkman is born under a paradoxical cloud. His life seems to be destined for controversy. Toni Morrison eventually leaves the reader with a choose your own ending configuration. As in Beloved, Morrisons unequalled style of ending a novel with no finalization, only enhances the content and tickles the imagination. Evidence of the influence of Zora Neale Hurston is sprinkled liberally throughout the story. In addition to folklore and mythology, Song of Solomon is besides rife with the cold, hard facts of reality. Did Milkman actually become airborne or was he merely a man, consistently trying to escape reality? Toni Morrisons, Song of Solomon, was stimulate in part, by All Gods Chillun Had Wings (Andrews et al 103). According to this folk tale, at one time all Africans could fly. Through transgressions, they lost the ability of flight. On occasion, someone would shake off the weight of their burdens and be able to fly. Only a select few held onto remnants of the memory of flight. According to a legend in Hurston, the transgression, ... ...to converge in the distance. Soon they begin to twine and twist together. At the core, is a solid rope, with each strand braided neatly with the others to form a tightly woven story. With its many parts, but only one beginning, Song of Solomon is absolutely, the p erfect soft-boiled egg (40). Works Cited Andrews, William L., et al. The Norton Anthology of African American Literature. New York W.W. Norton & Co., 1997. 103 Barnhart, C.L., et al. The American College Dictionary. New York Random House, 1970. 919 Heinze, Denise. The Dilemma of Double-Consciousness Toni Morrisons Novels. Athens The University of Georgia Press, 1993. 14 Hurston, Zora Neale. Hurston Folklore, Memoirs, & other Writings. Ed. Cheryl A. Wall. New York Penguin Books,1995. 315, 581, 597, 618 Morrison, Toni. Song of Solomon. New York Penguin Books, 1977.

René Descartes Argument on the Existence of God Essay -- Philosophy G

Ren Descartes Argument on the Existence of divinityThe problem with Ren Descartes argument around the existence of God has to do with his rationalist deductive reasoning. Descartes deduces that truth about the existence of God lies within his idea of a perfect God and Gods nitty-gritty (as a perfect being who must exist in order to be perfect). A rationalist philosopher, Descartes discounts human knowledge as a crossway of our sensory data (our senses) but supports the epistemological stance that our knowledge is obtained through the reasoning processes of our own minds. Because Descartes believes deductive inference is the only path to absolute certainty, he endeavors to use logical arguments and principles (a mathematically natured process of reasoning) to validate the existence of God. But how can principles of logic be used to prove the existence of God? Descartes attempts to go on deductive when attempting to prove the existence of God are indeed laudable, but some of his a rguments are lacking. In proving the existence of God, his two main arguments are as follows the idea of a perfect, infinite being in his own head could only have been created by God Himself, and Gods existence cannot be separated from His snapper . Descartes must first prove that he exists. He writes, ?For example, during these few days I was examining whether anything in the world exists, and I noticed that, from the very fact that I was making this examination, it obviously followed that I exist? (84). Essentially, a being can be certain of its existence if it can think. Descartes also adds that ideas (thoughts, imagination, etc.) are objectively genuine ?For whether it is a she-goat or a chimera that I am imagining, it is no less true that I imagine ... ...ply does not stand. Descartes loses his grasp on certainty by failing to prove Gods perfection and that God was the only creator of his idea of perfection. By unsuccessfully proving the existence of God through virtuous de ductive reasoning, Descartes system may sadly be forever doomed to uncertainty in this particular endeavor. And because Descartes project of certainty about the existence of God was unsuccessful, the same would follow for his deductions about the sense world. But there is always hope. Perhaps the existence of God was never meant to be proved through deductive reasoning and logic. There is always something to be said about believing in the existence God with nothing more than pure faith. Work CitedDescartes, Ren. handle on Method and Meditations on First Philosophy . Trans. Donald A. Cress. Indianapolis Hackett Publishing Company, 1998.

Atention Deficit Disorder Pandemic Essay -- mental illness, children,

According to the American Academy of Pediatrics (2004), that 3-5% of churlren have had hit/ADHD consistently since the 1940s, although over 15% of children in school take ADD/ADHD prescriptions every day. In which a large portion of the diagnosing are coming straight from the General physician. Family physicians are rarely trained to identify mental illnesses nevertheless instead of leaving their scope of practice they analyze their patient irresponsibly. Misdiagnoses for ADD/ADHD are fairly common since the guidelines of the mental illness is vague and can easily be mistaken for a child just acting immature for his grade. A study done by Michigan State University economist Elder (2010) statesNearly 1 million children in the United States are potentially misdiagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder simply because they are the youngest -- and most immature -- in their class. Around forty percent of race diagnosed with ADD/ADHD truly have ADD/ADHD the other 60% of the patients possibly dont have add/adhd, even though they were diagnosed with it. The truth is when a doctor tries to treat add/adhd in the misdiagnosed patient, the patient is usually prescribed an NRI or a psychoactive stimulant alike(p) (Adderall, Ritalin, Vyvanse, etc). These meds can work amazing for people who truly have ADD but when the diagnosis is wrong, the the medications can create a electronegative effect on the patients neurotransmitters. When I say damaging, I mean neurotoxicity and down regulation to mostly Dopamine but may also affect Serotonin, GABA and even acetylcholine. The damaging effects can be permanent if meds are taken too long. If you have a heart problem you dont go to your normal family physician but a Cardiologist which specializ... ... psychiatric medications only after a diagnosis has been made by a licensed psychiatric specialist. This way people wint be discouraged from seeking out mental help due to financial problems. A psychiatrist can be expensive if damages doesnt cover every visit, so allowing a general physician to write prescriptions after a diagnosis would be far more intelligent on the wallet of all patients. Children with mental disorders shouldnt have to be treated with dangerous drugs unless the treatment truly fits the diagnosis.Work Cited Todd E. Elder The importance of relative standards in ADHD diagnoses https//msu.edu/telder/2010-JHE.pdf

The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn :: essays research papers

Reasons Huck Finn isnt racistThe Adventures of Huckleberry FinnThe Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is not a racist novel. This novel has been subject to much rock about whether or not the book is racist. Whilst many intrust the novel to be non racist, at that place a few people out there who believe it is. This is just not true. This essay will show you why this novel is not racist.Huck Finn is the main character in this novel he is an uneducated, uncivilized, hinterland hick. Huck uses the excogitate nigger many times throughout this story. What many people squander not come to realize is that at this point in time the word nigger was no more offensive then calling another man white. All slaves in that time were referred to as niggers. At this point in time that word is very hurtful to the black community when used offensively. Huck using the word only reinforces the motif that he was in fact uneducated and it shows what kind a vocabulary to have expected from a young souther n boy. In fact if that word wasnt used in the novel it wouldnt be as realistic as it is.The costar of this novel is a runaway slave named Jim. Jim is a fondness friend, a devoted husband, and a loving father. Many people believe that Jim is portrayed as silly and uneducated. Those people have failed to realize that this book is compose through a childs point of view. Before Huck gets to know Jim for the man he really is this is how Huck perceives him. Although Jim is perceived as slow its because he is. Jim has probably lived his life as a slave and has a slaves education. This book wasnt written to show how stupid the slaves were, although it somewhat did, simply rather to express the situation of slaves being uneducated at the time.The third reason why this is not a racist piece of literature is it shows that there in no racial boundrys in love and compassion for another human being. It shows the development of Huck and Jims father and son type of relationship. This novel concr etely shows that relationships of any sort are not bound by race. The novel also shows how ones ideals can change in spite of what you have been taught. Huck deciding that he would go to hell to help Jim escape to freedom is probably the most non racist part of the whole novel, and it is what the book is built upon.

Hester Prynne Essay -- essays research papers

Hester PrynneNathaniel Hawthorne&8217s The Scarlet Letter, a dark tale of sin and redemption,centers around the small Puritan community of Boston during the 17th century. In the midst of this small community is Hester Prynne. She is a muliebrity that has defied the Puritans, taken the consequences and in the end conformed with the Puritans. It did,however, take great effort to settle down and become a women of honor again.Hester Prynne, through the eyeball of the Puritans, is an extreme sinner. She has gone against the Puritan ways by committing Adultery. The Puritans believed that Hester was a lost soul that could only be maintaind by sincere and thorough repentance. For thisirrevocably harsh sin, she must wear a symbol of shame for the rest of her life.From the beginning, we see that Hester Prynne is a young and beautiful woman who has bought a child into the world with an unknown father. Hester, to the reader, is obviously a woman who has violated a strict social and religious code, but who has sinned in an deposition of love and life. The Puritans do not take her heartings into account. They are people that take things as being right or wrong. Committing adultery is seen as wrong in the Bible, and therefore Puritans do not care of the circumstances. The Puritansare grim, forbidding people. Nonetheless they have a degree of dignity and authority. They lack sympathy and discrimination. In their eyes all crimes are equal. Hester is punished by the Puritan society by wearing the scarlet letter A on the bosom of her dress and stand up on &8220the weather darkened scaffold(p.234) for three hours. The Scaffold is a painful task to bear. The townspeople have gathered around togossip and stare at her. They yell horrid things at her. One matron screams &8220At the very least, they should have put the brand of hot iron to her forehead. (p.59) Obviously, the Puritans did not believe that this punishment was beastly enough. The screams of thismatron showed just how unforgiving the Puritans were. Here one can see the difference between the Puritans and Hester. She was standing on scaffold shedding her honor because she had sinned in love. Although she had attached a sin, the reasons behind it were because she was truly in love. T... ...athe the ways of her child.As time went by, Hester came more in contact with the Puritans of the town. She had come to conform with their belief that redemption would save her soul. She gave her life to God, by visiting the sick and sowing for the poor. She came to be revered by most members of the community because of her actions. The scarlet letter, for many had come to represent able, not adultery. Her dexterity to satisfy the needs of others and comfort them was a gift many towns people respected. As time went by, Hester was no longerconforming to Puritan ways of redemption. She was doing winsome things because it bought her pleasure and peace of mind. The word in the town was that the letter no longer stood for adultery and indeed stood for able. Hester became strong with the letter. She had let it be a objet dart of her for many years while Pearl&8217s father, minister Dimesdale, had covered it and it had gnawed at his soul. Hester was no longer hurt by the letter neither did she feel guilt.Hester Prynne had committed a sin which the Puritans believed took her soul. In the end, however, her sin had become part of her

Hester Prynne Essay -- essays research papers

Hester PrynneNathaniel Hawthorne&8217s The Scar allow Letter, a dark tale of sin and redemption,centers round the small Puritan residential district of Boston during the 17th century. In the midst of this small community is Hester Prynne. She is a woman that has defied the Puritans, taken the consequences and in the end conformed with the Puritans. It did,however, take great effort to nail down and be total a women of honor again.Hester Prynne, through the eyes of the Puritans, is an extreme sinner. She has gone against the Puritan ways by committing Adultery. The Puritans believed that Hester was a lost soul that could unless be saved by sincere and thorough repentance. For thisirrevocably harsh sin, she must wear a symbol of shame for the rest of her life.From the beginning, we see that Hester Prynne is a young and beautiful woman who has bought a child into the world with an unknown father. Hester, to the reader, is obviously a woman who has violated a strict social and app aritional code, but who has sinned in an affirmation of love and life. The Puritans do not take her feelings into account. They are people that take things as being right or wrong. Committing criminal conversation is seen as wrong in the Bible, and therefore Puritans do not care of the circumstances. The Puritansare grim, forbidding people. Nonetheless they have a degree of dignity and authority. They inadequacy sympathy and discrimination. In their eyes all crimes are equal. Hester is punished by the Puritan society by wearing the scarlet letter A on the bosom of her dress and standing on &8220the weather darkened scaffold(p.234) for three hours. The Scaffold is a painful task to bear. The townspeople have gathered around togossip and stare at her. They yell horrid things at her. One matron screams &8220At the very least, they should have put the brand of hot iron to her forehead. (p.59) Obviously, the Puritans did not believe that this punishment was cruel enough. The screams of thismatron showed just how unforgiving the Puritans were. Here one can see the difference between the Puritans and Hester. She was standing on scaffold cast her honor because she had sinned in love. Although she had committed a sin, the reasons behind it were because she was truly in love. T... ...athe the ways of her child.As time went by, Hester came more in contact with the Puritans of the town. She had come to conform with their belief that redemption would save her soul. She gave her life to God, by visiting the sick and sowing for the poor. She came to be revered by most members of the community because of her actions. The scarlet letter, for many had come to represent able, not adultery. Her strength to satisfy the needs of others and comfort them was a gift many towns people respected. As time went by, Hester was no longer conform to Puritan ways of redemption. She was doing kind things because it bought her pleasure and peace of mind. The word in the town was that the le tter no longer stood for adultery and indeed stood for able. Hester became strong with the letter. She had let it be a part of her for many years while Pearl&8217s father, minister Dimesdale, had covered it and it had gnawed at his soul. Hester was no longer hurt by the letter neither did she feel guilt.Hester Prynne had committed a sin which the Puritans believed took her soul. In the end, however, her sin had become part of her

Asean

The standstill of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) has plans to fast track the integrating of its member countries over the next few years. Aside from encouraging cooperation through traditional diplomatic and ethnical activities, there are also ambitious proposals for ASEAN to mercantile establishment a single visa and currency, and even form a united regional Olympic team. The advantages of a united ASEAN are easy to imagine. A viscid ASEAN would likely bring tremendous benefits to Southeast Asians in the forms of more jobs, more tourists, stronger defense forces and improved chumminess among competing neighbors.Besides, who would oppose the idea of unity and greater economical coordination in the region? But ASEANs basic bother is not merely an absence of unity. Wasnt unity the main objective of ASEAN when it was established in 1967? The fact that after four decades, the group is still pushing to integrate its ten member countries suggests a pretty significant failure to fos ter solidarity in the region. Without undermining the laud adapted efforts of the ASEAN Secretariat, many doubt it can realize the One Community good deal by its announced target date of 2015.How can it, if it continues to use the corresponding approach that has singularly failed to unite its members to date? ASEAN unity will remain an impossible vision as dour as its members continue to demand it for the violate reasons. In truth, each member nation views its association with ASEAN as a means to pursue its subject interests. Sacrificing the subject area agenda to realize the regional full(a) is largely an alien concept to ASEAN members. Member nations are in favor of unity as long as it doesnt conflict with their respective national objectives.To be sure, ASEAN has successfully coordinated aid and relief efforts when natural disasters have devastated the region. But the group should be more than the regions answer to cherry Cross. But such instances are usually when ASEAN u nity is invoked, namely, when a member is overwhelmed by a problem it cant solve or when it is impact by a neighbors woes. Today, for example, we hear demands for ASEAN to intervene in Burmas Rohingya Dilemma, maritime disputes in the South China Sea or watt Philippine Sea, and human trafficking across the region.ASEANs next step will most likely be to decide whether to issue a joint bidding to address these issues. In the absence of disasters, and in between ministerial conferences, however, ASEAN has failed to engage in the essential occupation of building regional unity. ASEAN hasnt even been able to prevent members from accusing each other of being bad neighbors. East Timors attempts to join the inn have been blocked by Singapore, among others, which view its main course as a threat to their national interests, although the reason given to the public is usually East Timors internal conflicts.Ultimately, ASEANs unwillingness to form a more united and powerful regional group ing has been exploited by global powers like the united States, China and Japan, which are aggressively promoting their geopolitical interests in the region. A unified ASEAN could challenge the political and economic resources of these big nations. Instead, each ASEAN member has preferred to conduct individually. Its tragic enough that ASEAN is not united.Its more tragic to hear ASEAN members articulate and advance the interests of non-ASEAN superpowers during ASEAN summits. At the minimum, a united ASEAN could prevent colonial powers old and new from dominating the region. But thats just a start. After asserting its independence, it would be great to see ASEAN aspire to become a global power in its own right. With this vision in mind, perhaps its time to unite and promote the Southeast Asian way of look as a viable alternative to the world.AseanThe Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) has plans to fast track the integration of its member countries over the next few ye ars. Aside from encouraging cooperation through traditional diplomatic and cultural activities, there are also ambitious proposals for ASEAN to issue a single visa and currency, and even form a united regional Olympic team. The advantages of a united ASEAN are easy to imagine. A cohesive ASEAN would likely bring tremendous benefits to Southeast Asians in the forms of more jobs, more tourists, stronger defense forces and improved camaraderie among competing neighbors.Besides, who would oppose the idea of unity and greater economic coordination in the region? But ASEANs basic problem is not merely an absence of unity. Wasnt unity the main objective of ASEAN when it was established in 1967? The fact that after four decades, the group is still pushing to integrate its ten member countries suggests a pretty significant failure to foster solidarity in the region. Without undermining the laudable efforts of the ASEAN Secretariat, many doubt it can realize the One Community vision by its an nounced target date of 2015.How can it, if it continues to use the same approach that has singularly failed to unite its members to date? ASEAN unity will remain an impossible vision as long as its members continue to demand it for the wrong reasons. In truth, each member nation views its association with ASEAN as a means to pursue its national interests. Sacrificing the national agenda to realize the regional good is largely an alien concept to ASEAN members. Member nations are in favor of unity as long as it doesnt conflict with their respective national objectives.To be sure, ASEAN has successfully coordinated aid and relief efforts when natural disasters have devastated the region. But the group should be more than the regions answer to Red Cross. But such instances are usually when ASEAN unity is invoked, namely, when a member is overwhelmed by a problem it cant solve or when it is affected by a neighbors woes. Today, for example, we hear demands for ASEAN to intervene in Burma s Rohingya Dilemma, maritime disputes in the South China Sea or West Philippine Sea, and human trafficking across the region.ASEANs next step will most likely be to decide whether to issue a joint statement to address these issues. In the absence of disasters, and in between ministerial conferences, however, ASEAN has failed to engage in the essential task of building regional unity. ASEAN hasnt even been able to prevent members from accusing each other of being bad neighbors. East Timors attempts to join the club have been blocked by Singapore, among others, which view its entry as a threat to their national interests, although the reason given to the public is usually East Timors internal conflicts.Ultimately, ASEANs unwillingness to form a more united and powerful regional grouping has been exploited by global powers like the United States, China and Japan, which are aggressively promoting their geopolitical interests in the region. A unified ASEAN could challenge the political a nd economic resources of these big nations. Instead, each ASEAN member has preferred to negotiate individually. Its tragic enough that ASEAN is not united.Its more tragic to hear ASEAN members articulate and advance the interests of non-ASEAN superpowers during ASEAN summits. At the minimum, a united ASEAN could prevent colonial powers old and new from dominating the region. But thats just a start. After asserting its independence, it would be great to see ASEAN aspire to become a global power in its own right. With this vision in mind, perhaps its time to unite and promote the Southeast Asian way of life as a viable alternative to the world.

Non Extraction Treatment In Class Health And Social Care Essay

Anterior and tail arch breadths in the eyetooth and molar separate from the closely labial facet of buccal surfaces the eyetooths and the grinders were measured with the aid of digital caliper on the survey theoretical accounts and comp atomic number 18d statistically to find whether the alveolar arches were narrower by and by decline interjection.ConsequencesAt the start of the intervention upper jawbone and inframaxillary inter toiletteine breadths both groups did non differ statistically.At the terminal of give-and-take in both the groups anterior and posterior arch breadths were equal yet for the intercanine dimension which was 0.82 mm larger ( P & lt 0.05 ) in the p arntold age group.DecisionThe extraction intervention does non accompany in narrower alveolar consonant arches than non extraction intervention in intercanine and intermolar part.Clinical significanceThe narrow dental arches are non the expected effects of extraction intervention so, delicateally compr omising consequence of narrow dental arches on smiling is non a systematic out semen of extraction intervention.Cardinal words Arch breadth Changes, Intercanine and Intermolar breadth, extraction and Non Extraction Treatment.IntroductionThe extraction versus non extraction argument is well-nigh every bit old as the coming of orthodontias pattern and boulder clay today the quandary exists.Angle1 believed that all 32 dentitions could be accommodated in the jaws, in an ideal occlusion with the first grinder in Class I occlusion, extractions was bete noire to his ideals, as he believed bone would organize around the dentitions in their place harmonizing to Wolff s law2. However this was criticised by Case who stated that extractions were necessary in order to alleviate crowding and assistance stableness of treatment.3However depending upon clinical scrutiny, radiographic and accurate diagnosing the extraction tendency should be taken. Assorted transverse and perpendicular malrelationsh ips such as crowding, bulge of dentitions are observed in Class I malocclusion which can be handled by extraction or non-extraction intervention depending upon infinite disagreement.However the long term stableness in both interventions is environ by a contention.It is good documented fact that addition in dental arch length and breadth during orthodontic intervention tend to go on toward their pre-treatment values after retention.4,5,6,7One of the unfavorable judgment of extraction intervention is that it consequences in narrower arches as compared to non-extraction treatment,8.The popularity of non-extraction intervention are condylar supplanting, narrowed smilings accompanied by dark corners, dished in profiles with extractions and suboptimal inframaxillary growth.9-16Some surveies claim that dimension alterations occur in both extraction and non-extraction treatments,17 18It is believed that the pre-treatment values of intercanine and intermolar breadths present a place of mus cular balance so it is suggested that the maintaince of these values provide postretention stableness 19,20.Strang21 and Shapiro concluded that inframaxillary intercanine and intermolar breadth dimensions have a strong inclination to unsex worse.In the past many surveies have been carried out to analyze the effects of extraction and non-extraction intervention but the decisions vary a batch which could be because of unlike intervention techniques, malocclusion types and experiment size examined during these surveies.So the purpose of present survey was to compare dental condescending breadths alterations in Angle Class I malocclusion after extraction of first premolar and non-extraction with a homogeneous survey group in footings of malocclusion and intervention mechanics.The arch breadths were measured in inframaxillary arches because condescending breadths are normally established by inframaxillary arch.Materials and methodsIn this retrospective survey orthodontic survey theoret ical accounts of 30 patients who had first premolar extractions and 30 patients treated without extractions were selected.in the extraction group there were 19 misss and 11 male childs with mediocre age 14.2+-2.9 old ages and in the non-extraction group had 18 male childs and 12 misss with average age 14.3+_2.12 old ages All the patients were treated with preadjusted contraption by assorted teachers in a dental institute.While choice the undermentioned standards were appliedAll patients had osteal Class I malocclusionAll patients had full compliment of teeth upto 2nd grinders without any losing dentition, excess dentition, or congenitally losing dentitions.None of the patients had a adjunctive contraptions such as quad spiral, any functional contraptions, rapid palatine expander during interventionIn the extraction group all patients had first premolar extraction as a portion of orthodontic intervention.With an digital calliper, the breadths of the anterior and posterior parts of the maxillary and inframaxillary alveolar consonant arches were measured in the eyetooth and the molar parts from the most labial facet of the buccal surfaces of those dentitions. The calliper was placed at the best estimation of a right angle to the palatine sutura in the maxillary arch and to a line bisecting the incisor section in the inframaxillary arch. The recorded breadths between the grinders were the widest distances between the first or 2nd grinders. The widest portion of the posterior portion of the arch invariably was in the 2nd molar part. Each distance was measured 3 times, and the norm of the 3 values was used as the concluding step.The duplicability of the measurings was evaluated by analysing the differences between 10 dual measurings of intercanine and intermolar distances, indiscriminately selected and taken at different times.The mistake of measuring was assessed by Dahlberg s fontSx =where D is the difference between extra measurings, and N is the figure of dua l findings.The mistakes were 0.21 millimeter for inframaxillary intercanine breadth, 0.60 millimeter for inframaxillary intermolar grinder breadth, 0.36 millimeter for maxillary intercanine breadth, and 0.21 millimeter for maxillary intermolar breadth. Means and standard divergences were calculated, and a 2-tailed T trial was used to find statistically heavy differences with P & lt 0.05.ConsequencesThe inframaxillary intercanine and intermolar breadths did non demo statistical differences at the start of the intervention in both the groups. ( Table 1 )At the terminal of intervention the condescending breadths of both the groups were besides statistically similar except in inframaxillary eyetooth part. ( Table 2 )The mean inframaxillary intercanine dimension was 0.82 millimeter larger in extraction sample than non-extraction sample. During intervention the average inframaxillary eyetooth width addition was 1.28mm in extraction group and the 0.66mm addition in non-extraction group w hich was non statistically important. ( Table 3 & A 4 )The inframaxillary intermolar breadths for both extraction and non-extraction group were non changed.Table 1. Pretretment inframaxillary intercanine and intermolar arch breadths agencies and SD ( millimeter )Extraction( n=30 )Non-extraction( n=30 )SignificanceIntercanine30.47 A 2.0930.27 A 1.82NitrogenIntermolar59.25 A2.9259.05A 1.67NitrogenNS-Not SignificantTable 2. station intervention upper jaw and inframaxillary arch intercanine and intermolar breadths agencies and SD ( millimeter )Extraction( n=30 )Non-extraction( n=30 )DifferenceSignificanceMx Intercanine39.12 A 1.9839.84 A 1.810.72NitrogenMd Intercanine31.75 A 1.8430.93 A 1.920.820.01Mx Intemolar61.01 A 1.9860.98 A 2.090.03NitrogenMd Intemolar59.81 A 1.2559.01 A1.980.80NitrogenMx- Maxillary Md- Mandibular NS-Not SignificantTable 3.Mandibular intercanine and intermolar breadth alterations agencies and SD ( millimeter )Extraction( n=30 )Pre-TreatmentPost- TreatmentDiffer enceMd Intercanine30.47A 2.0931.75 A 1.841.28MendeleviumIntermolar59.25 A 2.9259.81 A 1.250.56Md-Mandibular NS-Not Significant.Table 4.Mandibular intercanine and intermolar breadth alterations agencies and SD ( millimeter )Non-extraction( n=30 )Pre-treatmentPost- TreatmentDifferenceMd Intercanine30.27 A 1.8230.93 A1.920.66MendeleviumIntermolar59.05 A 1.6759.01 A 1.980.04Md-Mandibular NS-Not Significant.DiscussionThe two grounds for which the extraction interventions are criticised are that they result in narrow alveolar consonant arches which are unesthetic because of big black trigons in buccal corridors and it is stated that the intercanine and intermolar breadths tend to diminish during station keeping period 5,19-22Harmonizing to findings of the present survey the arch breadth in both eyetooth and molar part in the inframaxillary arches did non demo any statistical important results.in fact the arches in extraction group were about 0.82mm wider than non-extraction group. Altho ugh these findings talent non fulfill some writers who support non-extraction interventions. The consequences of this survey can be compared with surveies on station intervention long term stableness in which inframaxillary incisor stableness was acceptable. The inframaxillary intercanine breadth increased 1.07mm in an extraction sample23 in contrast in non-extraction topics where the addition in inframaxillary intercanine dimension was less than 1mm in Class I 24,25 and Class II patients..In boundary line instances the long term addition in intrecanine breadth was 1mm in extraction interventions and 0.5mm in non-extraction 26 treatments.Luppanapornlarp and Johnston shew that inframaxillary intercanine breadth of extraction topics was greater at all phases of intervention in extraction instances than in non-extraction instances which indicate that extraction of 4 first bicuspids does non bespeak narrowing of arches.27BeGole et Al 28 found 1.58mm addition in extraction sample as co mpared to 0.95mm in non-extraction sample.Udhe et al 29 found a larger addition in extraction group than in non-extraction group.Gianelly 5 studied inter arch alterations of extraction and non-extraction groups and found that the alterations in maxillary and inframaxillary arch breadths indicated that extraction intervention does non ensue in narrower arches than non-extraction groups. This determination is in conformity with the present study.On the footing of constructs documented in the literature13,30,31 1 might anticipate narrower arches after extraction.However Kim and Gianelly suggested that the breadths of the both the arches were 1-2mm larger when compared with the condescending breadths of non-extraction group at a standardized arch depth.The intermolar breadths of both the groups were same after intervention this determination supports the position of Johnson and smith32. Who stated that arch breadth at any peculiar location is maintained or somewhat increased after extra ction.Weinberg and sadowsky33 found important addition in inframaxillary intercanine and intermolar breadth in class1 malocclusion treated non-extraction and stated that the enlargement of buccal sections in the inframaxillary arches helped in declaration of Class I herding. However 16 out of 30 patients had some sort of palatal expander which might hold contributed to inframaxillary enlargement In the present survey no interventions were given for enlargement.To some research workers maxillary arch breadth is deciding of smile esthetics,34, the maxillary arch breadths in extraction and non-extraction groups were same so it can be expected that the intervention effects in maxillary arches depart be the same, and there will be no difference in esthetic tonss in both the groups.In fact the intercanine breadths in extraction groups were wider than non-extraction group. However the hereafter surveies in the maxillary arches in assorted malocclusion categorizations with assorted interve ntion mechanics will be productive.It is stated that enlargement more than 1-1.5mm in intercanine enlargement is unstable so appliances designed to increase arch width more than this were non used in the present survey.On the footing of findings of the present survey it can be said that extraction instances do non ensue in narrow dental arches than non-extraction instances and thereby do non hold compromising consequence on smiling esthetics and stableness of orthodontic intervention. However future surveies with assorted malocclusion groups, intervention mechanics, larger sample size and long term alterations in arch dimensions will be utile.DecisionsThe present survey findings indicate that the premolar extractions to alleviate crowding does non ensue in narrowing of dental arches in extraction interventions when compared to non-extraction interventions. A proper intervention program and intervention mechanics in accurately diagnosed instance can ensue in intervention success rega rdless of extraction or non-extraction intervention.Clinical significanceThe narrow dental arches are non the expected effects of extraction intervention so, esthetically compromising consequence of narrow dental arches on smiling is non a systematic out semen of extraction intervention.

Time Management Outline

Name Date Purpose Informative 1/ Time Management Introduction 1 Attention 2 What is time watchfulness? 1 Understanding time management 2 Why is managing my time efficiently important? 3 What is stealing my time 1 Identify what or who? 2 Learn to handle distractions 3 Be responsible for yourself 4 Am I procrastinating? 2 Credibility 1 Catherine Beecher 1 Advocate for womens information 2 Emphasize the importance of female labor 1 Guide for time management book 2 Productive activities like education 2 benjamin Franklin 1 Fathers system for Order Unpredictable claims 3 Dwight D. Eisenhower 3 Lead into the body 1. Time is very trenchant as a tool, if we know how to use it. 2. How can I know if I am managing my time correctly? Body A. Set goals 1. Mission financial statement a) What do I value the most? b) What is my lifes purpose a) What legacy do I want to leave to the world? b) What I am doing to get it? 1. Long landmark goals a) Finish a masters degree b) Buy a house c) Have a family d) Start my doctorates degree 2. Intermediate goals (the next five years) a) Complete my degree b) Find a job ) Travel to Europe d) Graduate with honors 4. Short term goals a) Finish the semester b) Get associates degree c) Start a healthy diet d) Buy a car Transitional Are you doing something to accomplish your goals? A. Use time Effectively 1. Where does your time go? a) Committed time 1) Studying 2) Working 3) Exercise b) Maintenance time 1) Eating 2) Sleeping 3) cookery c) Discretionary time 1) Relationships ( Intellectual development 1. Where should your time go? a) Urgent priorities 1) Dropping a class 2) Paying fees 3) Turning in papers ) most-valuable priorities 1) Attending every class 2) Planning tasks 3) Forming healthy relationships c) Ongoing activities 1) Identify if needed 2) Plan a wise time to do them d) Trivial activities 1) air 2) Facebook Transitional Are you using your time effectively to achieve your goals? If the answer was no, there are some strate gies that you may want to know. B. Time-Management Strategies 1. Get organized a) go by a calendar b) lay down daily to-do list c) Study everywhere and anywhere d) Prepare the night before 2. Make it simpler ) Do the intemperate tasks first b) Break projects down into smaller tasks c) Study in short segments d) Study at your high-energy time 3. Keep a positive billet a) Be flexible b) Patient c) Persistent d) Realistic 4. Control interruptions a) get to an organized place to study b) Determine your optimal time to study c) Create quite time d) Just say no Transition On the other hand, one cannot forget that we are humans and we have strict necessitate such as eating and socializing, for instance the word balance must remain in your life. C. Always in balance 1.Communicate with your family a) Clarify the importance of college b) Create a team work attitude at home 1. Increase physical and emotional energy a) Find relaxing activities b) Get enough abide c) Eat healthy food 2. C reate positive time a) Have quality time with your family b) Share ideas and worries c) Listen d) Communicate Transitional The most tricky task to do is to accept we are doing something wrong, for this reason, Conclusion A. Time Management 1. Help yourself with a daily plan 2. Time can be utilize to your favor A. Succeed in College and Life . Keep in mind your goals 2. Manage your time to succeed 3. Create a balance life for yourself Resources 1. Benjamin Franklin. A legal brief History of Time Management. Inc. Advertisement, n. d. Web. 15 Feb. 2013. 2. A Treatise on Domestic Economy. A Brief History of Time Management. Inc. Advertisement, n. d. Web. 15 Feb. 2013. 3. Dwight D. Eisenhower. A Brief History of Time Management. Inc. Advertisement, n. d. Web. 15 Feb. 2013. 4. Ferrett, Sharon K. Peak Performance Success in College & beyond. Chicago Irwin Mirror, 1997. Print.

General Duty Clause: A Curse or a Blessing Essay

It is quite true that employers have the responsibility to supervise the health and safety of its employees in the workplace. Companies who ignore the need to assure its employees should be punished and those who render their workforce a secure deftness should be hailed and honored as models. Government regulations are always implemented to protect the lives of workers. The Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (OSHact) is superstar example of the various laws passed by the Congress. Nevertheless, there is one particular provision in the OSHact that is ambiguous this section is often called the General Duty Clause.According to the act, the General Duty Clause states that (2a) Each employer (1) shall put up to each of his employees employment and a place of employment which are free from recognized hazards that are causing or are likely to shake end or serious physical harm to his employees (2) shall comply with occupational safety and health standards promulgated under t his Act. (2b) Each employee shall comply with occupational safety and health hazards and all rules, regulations, and orders issued pursuant to this Act which are applicable to his own actions and conduct.The increasing awareness of the various work-related accidents in society has urged the Congress to enact such provision of the law. The General Duty Clause obliges employers to recognize all types of hazards in their workplace. It also expects that employers should design and maintain the safety of the workplace to minimize any accidents that the identified hazards whitethorn bring to the employees (http//www. epa. gov). Due to this section of the OSHact, The Department of Labor Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) visit all working facilities to inspect any violations regarding the utter provision.The employers should then devote some of their resources on useful expertise and knowledge to reduce if non to eliminate hazards. Furthermore, the General Duty Clause h as a actually broad scope that compliance to it seems to be so arduous (http//www. dem. ri. gov). The article expects that beside the accredited standards and hazards known to the OSHA, the employers also need to pin point unknown and undetected hazards in their facilities. Therefore, although there is no detailed standard regarding a hazard, the company give the axe be cited for violation (Robins, 1988, p. 31).This can be very demanding since a adept skipped hazard however simple may put the company into jeopardy if the OSHA representative finds it out before the management does. Another difficulty that the employer can interpret is the inadequate capacity of the management to accommodate the means to eliminate or reduce the hazard (http//www. dem. ri. gov). This is especially important to small businesses and companies who are not financially ready to solve such problems. The General Duty Clause is very advantageous to employees and workers.Such is so because the OSHA examine r has great power regarding this section of the Act. The inspector can manipulate violations and hazards in the way that can jeopardize the company. Since the inspector is supposed to examine the workplace and the system processes occurring in the workplace, he can pass with flying colors even the smallest hazard in the vicinity. He can even be paying attention at a possible hazard that to him is viable scarce in reality and in the companys context is not a hazard at all.This is possible because the General Duty Clause does not only speak of recognized hazards that have written standards from the OSHA. The General Duty Clause, as its name implies, encompasses all possible hazards even those that are yet to be discovered. A violation in the OSHA can overthrow the success of a company. Thus, such a situation is one of the events that the employers are frightened about. An OSHA representative can simply walk into your factory and find pitfalls that can damage the profits of the compa ny.Even at some instances, the inspector can find a innovative hazard that has never been known in the entire history and yet it finds it a hazard in your community. This simple violation can then cause the closure of the said facility. Another headache that can be caused by the General Duty Clause is the over assurance that it can produce to an employers workforce. In liberal and radical environments, the workers union can exaggerate the possible hazards that are not really potentially dangerous and file a type at the OSHA.These then can overly demand a pile of benefits that can deplete the resources of the company. Some accidents may happen in a facility and yet no hazard can be the root cause of such occurrences but the workers union can still file a parapraxis against the company because of the provision of the General Duty Clause. Although accidents do happen, sometimes these are not actually due to the dangers of the workplace but rather due to the incapability, disrespect or ignorance of employees.The General Duty Clause has an excellent aim that is to provide a safe working environment for employees. This is an important goal for the employer who regards his people as his most significant asset. Nevertheless, the whole text of the General Duty Clause has so much ambiguity that sometimes, some opportunistic employees and inspectors use it against the company and so ruin its existence. It should therefore be used and implemented with dignity and justice to create a more cooperative interrelationship between the OSHA, the employer and its employees.

An Academic Narrative

Behind every cream there is a story. Often, the story preempt better explain why a work looks the way it does than can any formal academic argument. The present work started as a Doctoral thesis. So here is its more abbreviated story. Choosing the depicted object I pass water been fascinated by what monuments mean to people ever since my Hamburg M. A. thesis of 1993, in which I investigated empirically the contemporaneous meanings of three selected megaliths and menhirs in Germany. Having interpose to Lampeter later the same year, I wrote a plunk for M. A. thesis also al more or less the various meanings of megaliths, but this measure focussing on the theoretical emphasise of Radical Constructivism and Reception Theory as well as on prehistoric and historic case-studies. As I had to make a decision about my Ph. D. research topic early in 1994, this topic seemed to be interesting and promising to pursue further. I chose later prehistoric culture as a time period, since I wa s mainly interested in working with indorse of material culture.In excluding earlier periods as well as the Medieval age, I confided to keep down dealing with possible continuities of burial traditions and ancestor cults during the Neolithic up until the early Bronze Age on the one hand, and with the quite complex problem of development written sources in arguments about historic periods on the other. Since I started my work in 1994, the basic theme proved feasible and has stayed virtually the same however, I modified my exact line of argument on several occasions. These changes ar reflected in various outlines and abstracts which I wrote at different points in time.Although empirical flesh out has a certain irresistible attraction to me (as well as a considerable rhetorical power), the theoretical aspects of my work, such as thoughts about past and present, have always (and perhaps over the years increasingly) been more important to me than the details of the archaeology of M ecklenburg-Vorpommern. Mecklenburg-Vorpommern provided an almost ideal study bowl, non only because of the excellent carry of research on megaliths there (largely due to the work of Ewald Schuldt), but also because I felt very attracted to the beautiful coastal landscape.My research in the area was greatly helped by virtually all the local archaeologists, who patiently answered my questions and gave further suggestions. On several occasions, however, one senior archaeologist tried effectively to geological period my research (I dont know why). This seemed at first to threaten the entire project, but as time went on, this persons activities proved to be less critical for my work than I had feared. Finding material to work with One of my biggest challenges from the start was to find enough relevant material tell apart on which to build a larger argument.I was already confident after having looked at the regional literature in the library of the Institute of Archaeology in London, and undertaking an explorative visit to the sites and monuments picture (Ortsaktenarchiv) of the Landesamt fur Bodendenkmalpflege in Lubstorf, both early in 1995. I became entirely convinced of the feasibility of my project during an extended visit of the study area during the pass of 1995. After just over two weeks of concentrated work with the records, I provided the basis for my later analysis by papersing on specially designed forms, the evidence for later prehistoric receptions at almost 1200 megaliths.That summer, I also visited several libraries and photocopied many relevant texts, which were not otherwise available to me at Lampeter. During a second visit to Mecklenburg-Vorpommern in the late summer of 1996 I visited thus far more sites, consulted libraries again and discussed various issues with local archaeologists. I closed gaps in my reading by using the very efficient interlibrary loan service at Lampeter, spending two weeks in the libraries of Cambridge and in the British Library in March 1996, and consulting the British Library for another few days in September 1997. Interpreting the evidence in wider termsOn the basis of the promising evidence I had collected, and the associated archaeological literature I had read, it was always clear that for interesting interpretations I would need exciting ideas, rather than additional evidence or access to even more archaeological literature. My interest was, after all, first and foremost in the meanings of ancient monuments, and not in any cross archaeological period or area. I decided early on to combine my archaeological work with references to various other related themes and topics. Later prehistory would be supplemented by evidence from later historic periods as well from the present.The actual receptions of megaliths, which I could see in the record, would be put in the context of wider meanings of monuments. Ancient monuments and conceptions of the past in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern would be asso ciated with completely different archaeological and anthropological contexts. All this was to be put into practice by using hypermedia technology. My original application document and further discussions about my plan to submit my work on the Internet, and then on CD-Rom, led me to think more about the characteristics and significance of hypermedia connect in the text.As a consequence, the idea of making sense by making connections became more and more important to me, and developed perhaps into one of the most important arguments of my work. Originally, I constructed the thesis on many small cards each representing one page they were shapeed by a systematic number write in code but this was more a way of structuring my writing process than a hidden linear structure in my argument Coming up with results What I now present is colourful, diverse, empirically rich and (hopefully) intellectually stimulating.I have produced a work that takes a decisively interpretive approach and reje cts the metaphor of the virtue court, according to which the task of the archaeologist is to establish the truth about the past, or to construct a story plausible beyond reasonable doubt, in order for the judge or jury to reach a verdict about what actually happened (Shanks 1992 5456). What really happened in the past does not matter much to me. This work is not about the past, but rather about certain parts of the present, although it deals with the past and refers to archaeological evidence.I hope to show that there are a great number of possible meanings of ancient monuments, and that we can reach interpretations and make sense of something by making connections. Perhaps more importantly, I hope to demonstrate in my work that past and present are united and cannot be separated from each other. In saying this I do not argue that different archaeological and historical contexts could not be distinguished from one another. My point is much broader the past is only meaningful within the particular history culture and as a contribution to the cultural memory of each present.I do not know if there could be a present without a past (except perhaps for small babies and some animals as well as in certain medical conditions? ), but there can certainly be no past without a present. Ancient monuments in our landscapes intrigue me. Perhaps this is the beauty of my approach, and of my work people in later prehistory and today, including myself, find themselves in very much the same situation. They make sense in one way or another of the ancient monuments they come crossways in the landscape. The object of study in this work is, therefore, also the studying subject, and the results of my study describe its approach too.

Intercultural Communication Essay

Interethnical parley is a study of cultural difference with intercourse. It is a form of global communication throughout the country all over the homo. It is used to describe the wide range of communication problems that naturally place within an organization made up of individuals from diametric religious, amicable, ethnic, and educational backgrounds or early(a) acceptable factors. Intercultural communication is sometimes used synonymously with cross-cultural communication which in instance also brings up the same meaning and discussing the same issues.In this sense it seeks to understand how mass from different countries and civilizations act towards each some others, communicate and perceive the world around them. Many flock in intercultural communication such like in business management argue that enculturation determines how individuals encode and preserve messages, what mediums they choose for transmitting and broadcast them, and the way messages are interpreted and understood. It all depends on the characteristics and the fixings on the culture itself.It is also bear on by the communication skill from the congregation of people and how they interact with each other. Intercultural communication occur when in minimum two person with different culture come in contact with each other and exchange appraisals in verbal and also nonverbal communication. Before consciousness intercultural communication as whole, low gear we need to know what culture is. What are the definition, and how these words correlate with communication skills? Cultures have certain components and elements that build its character.These components are token, talking to, value, norm and belief. Culture define as a abstruse system of knowledge, beliefs, values, customs, behavior and artifacts that are acquired, used and shared by the member of the group of people in their daily lives. In identifying how the complex system work we must know the important component in culture. Symbol is anything that meaningfully presents something that recognize by a culture. An example of a symbol is just like bald eagle that represents United States of America, or Kris represents Malaysia, Elephant represents Thailand folks.Language is symbol system that used for people to communicate with each other in their country. But also certain language can be interpret by others which define whom that value and try to achieve a unblemished judgment of intercultural communication itself. Values are culture defined standards that people use as guideline in social interpretation, such as what to do is right and what they believe to be right in their daily practice. Norm is any establishment of rule and expectations that guides the behavior which means anything that a group of people usually do to maintain their behavior.Beliefs are special thoughts or idea that people hold on trusting that it is true and never been wrong, and beliefs also elucidate religion also make a culture different from he others. Culture also has the characteristics. There are seven characteristics of the culture and the first are culture is created and learned by group of people. In this group of people culture is shared between them. Culture can be transmitted from knightly and to the future means that culture can be passing down to generations. Culture is something dynamic and always changing by time following concept of how the world changes.Culture prescribes behavior and attitude which means culture define and shape the behavior of the people in that group according to their prescriptions. Communication is a dynamic, systemic process in which meanings are created and reflected in homophile interaction with symbols. The process is ongoing and ever changing. It is contextual, always taking place in a specific location. Communication never takes place in a vacuum situation. When we do communicate with another human being, we can only infer what she or he is experiencin g because no two human beings have the same experiences leading up to that specific communication gist.We are all born as color cloth. It is the culture we are born into that gives meaning to our experiences and helps us to define our world or how it is going to be. The meanings we give to events shape our world and fulfill our expectation. Our brain functions as an open system and we learn from each encounter and add to our system of knowledge from past and present events. Most of our culture is transmitted through unconscious(p) communication acts and behaviors. These ideas are received by imitating, observing, and interacting with others, and we are not even aware we are receiving these messages.We receive them first from our parents, then from siblings and others as the scope of our world broadens and as we meet more and more people each day. These events happened unconsciously and as we realized we already have it and learn it by heart. As a separate notion, it interprets si tuations where people from different cultural backgrounds interact to each other. Aside from language, intercultural communication focuses on social attributes, thought patterns, and the cultures of different groups of people.It also involves understanding the different cultures, languages and customs of people from other countries. Intercultural communication plays a role in social sciences such as anthropology that, cultural studies, linguistics, psychology and communication studies. Intercultural communication peradventure narrow its scope into cultural anthropology that is the comparative study of the manifold ways in which people make sense of the world around them, while social anthropology is the study of the relationships among persons and groups.While cultural anthropology is more akin towards philosophy and arts, social anthropology leads towards sociology and history. Cultural anthropology itself presents intercultural definition by learning the culture in many transluc ent ways. As discussed before the culture is shared and through this sociocultural anthropology an example of sharing is by myth and legends. These stories have been told in narrative process by the elder people and spread towards the generation.Myth is something that is more sacred and the actors were sometimes gods or demigods that were popular in western countries. Legend is something, someone or an event that believed by the narrator and believed by the people to be true such in Malaysia, there is a tales of Mahsuri or Hang Tuah. Everybody knows that they were exist but the legends was pen in the form that it is infix by culture of Malay people and transmitting some important values that need to be understood until at present whether it is accepted or no longer remembered.Linguistics in other hand is a study of human language and sometimes an ancient language and those that are no longer can be read. Linguistics additionally draws on and informs work from such diverse fields as acoustics, anthropology, biology, computer science, human anatomy, informatics, neuroscience, philosophy, psychology, sociology that also a branches of courses that play a very important role in intercultural communication.These all component merely remarking that all subjects need to have communication skills as the core and intercultural quality to strengthen its as language is the component of the intercultural communication itself, the study of linguistics ultimately helps to understand culture that embedded in language and also allow us to communicate freely within this border. Psychology is an academic and applied discipline that involves the scientific study of rational functions and behaviors.Psychology has the immediate goal of understanding individuals and groups by both establishing general principles and researching specific cases, and by many accounts it ultimately aims to benefit society and a group of people. In this last point the group of people specifically ref erring to different culture. Usually psychology component merge with social factors to narrow down the understanding and to apply the intercultural knowledge firmly.These merge area known as psychosocial factors. Psychosocial factor comprises the social being of culture and how the psychological issues affect the exchange cultural idea throughout and ideal interactive communication. Psychologist explore concepts such as perception, cognition, attention, emotion, phenomenology, motivation, brain functioning, behavior and interpersonal relationships. Some of this concept are important and needed to open an intercultural communication successfully.It is not about health only because the more you understand other culture social behavior with interpersonal skills and with added linguistics expertise, a polish off form of intercultural communication is achieved. Intercultural communication is also referred to as the base for international businesses. There are several cross-cultural ser vice providers around who can attention with the development of intercultural communication skills.Research is a major part of the development of intercultural communication skills such as research needed to understand all the component of the culture itself. The course to assess this communication skills have been mention earlier and the most relevant part is the intercultural competency. Intercultural competence is the ability to communicate effectively and befittingly with people of other cultures.With a perfect asset of component understanding and deep knowledge of all courses within behavioral science people must comprehend the intercultural competence whether appropriately valued norm, and expectations within a culture or effectively by accomplishing goals and then you will achieved cross cultural competence with a immaculate communication skills. As a conclusion, Intercultural communication is a field of study that become important as world expand. Living in the world with out border actually tests your surviving skills with this valued asset.The major perspective that was developed is traditional, interpretive and critical. 20th century shows that technology imperative cause people more frequently come to contact with each other that differ. The mobility around the world has become easier and changing demographic also increases the need of cross cultural understanding. By understanding this asset, a person might gain certain beneficence such as personal empowerment, a freedom from ignorance and also a productive relationship. This three benefits of intercultural apprehension not only bring success individually but also to an industry or the country itself.

Importance of Corporate Social Responsibility Essay

Q2) Evaluate the relative importance of bodily social responsibility relative to other embodied objective (40 mark) Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is a firms decision to accept responsibility for its social, environmental and ethical actions. A firms decisions whether to adopt and rank importance to CSR should be due to a variety of reasons, like the financial stability of the association aswell as the culture of the organisation. But i definitive factor would be a firms bodied objectives, corporate objectives are a quantifiable statement of a businesss goals which should include measurable targets. Essay result look to examine the relative importance of CSR in relation to other corporate objectives. Many companies underlying corporate objective is profit maximisation, with this goal ranking higher than any other. This party due to the share holder value theory which makes profit a priority, and so resulting in many firms questioning whether to shape more socially resp onsible is worth the additional costs which would result in reduced profit for the partnership and key s proceedsholders groups.Primark offers a perfect example to this point, Primark is a retail firm in which offers exceptionally low prices through exploiting cheaper labour from abroad. If the company was to become more socially responsible they would have to sacrifice their unique marketing point of low prices which may cause the company to fail. Thus proving how many businesses testament see little importance in CSR relative to profit maximization. On the other hand companies whose key corporate objective is profit maximisation should take into account that CSR represents a long terminus commitment which can help to improve reputation and image of the company. This is due to consumers becoming more and more mindful and concerned over where goods are sourced from and how they are made. CSR is therefore likely to route to profit maximization in the long term due to consumers n ow feeling for socially responsible companies, which may rank over price therefore resulting in higher sales and therefore higher profit. This can be seen in the company Marks & Spencer who launched their bag for life campaign promising to reduce the wastage of plastic bags, and also presented an opportunity for Marks to charge for bags resulting in higher profits.Marks & Spencer is therefore a great example of a company who has looked to become more socially responsible and as a result improving their place and reputation and even creating opportunities to improve profits, therefore demonstrating the relative importance CRS can have with profit maximisation. In contrast profit maximisation should always lodge key as CSR in cases can only help to maintain gull value having little effect on overall profit maximisation. In addition, a nonher key corporate objective is market growth, to gain market growth companies invest heavily in advertising costs amongst other promotional camp aign, therefore leaving many organisation questioning whether CSR is another cost which is not sure to be beneficial to the business. However supermarket giant Tesco main corporate objective is market growth, but Tesco has recently reported that targets had been underperformed, therefore CSR could be important to this objective. During times of market growth CSR can act as a USP to differentiate the company from competition, which could be why marks & Spencer received higher profits this year after launching their bag for life campaign promising to cut down on plastic bag wastage.Due a recent change in customers views and attitudes towards the environment, becoming more socially responsible could be vital to gain an edge over competition when aiming for market growth. Then again CSR can be dependent on each individual company on whether it holds any importance to key corporate objectives. For example many petroleum companies whose product is in such high demand that it isnt indispe nsable for the business to adapt any CSR strategy as the product is so inelastic that people will by it regardless of image or reputation. This is polemically not the case for the oil provider giant BP who recently suffered a massive public relation nightmare after a massive oil spill, leading to a big hit in their reputation and brand image. BP has now ironically made CSR one of their core objectives to help rebuild the reputation and gain market growth.To conclude it is clear that CSR holds an apparent importance to other corporate objectives of a business, with it able to acting as a unique selling point for a business who is looking for market growth this can be seen in the company velvet who recently launched their triple velvet melt down which promised to plant a tree for every pack sold. CSR can also help in profit maximization as CSR represents a long term commitment which is likely to route to profit maximisation in the future and merits priority.But alternatively CSR is n ot a law requirement and has been proven that It is not always necessary depending on each companys products, for examples oil is in such high demand that whether the company adopts CSR or not will not matter as the product is in such high demand it will be purchased regardless. Finally many companies already have a strong brand image and reputation so do not need to adopt CSR within their corporate objectives but can rely on other existing qualities to help to full fill objectives. For example apple offers a unique product with a strong reputation for quality and brand image. All of these factors can help to contribute towards profit maximisation, with image and quality allowing for increased added value to their products helping to increase profit margins. As well as strong brand image and loyal customer base helping to drive companies forward through times of market growth.

Deception, greed, and extreme pressure

Misrepresentation, greed, and utmost soak up per unit atomic number 18a led to the remnant of Enron ( Beenen and Pinto, 2009 ) . Employees need the ability to withdraw ethical issues from these complications of egoism and supply stool definition employees need to enlighten between negligible issues typical of work life and critical issues that threaten a comp either s ethical environment.Ethical issues come with enticements and menaces. By understanding menaces to forces involvements, options volition originate to implement rectification. Traveling on with the crowd can back immediate c eithering involvements w hereas resiting can set position, calling and house conceal eudaimonia at hazard. By accepting ethical conjecture, this can move as a guideline for a human resource ( HR ) theatre film director to fundament and manage the issues of self-centeredness.DeGeorge ( 2010 ) defines utilitarianism as an act of lesson conditional relation established by its engagemen t to trade name the most sum of beneficial for the most figure of people. This is found on the ability to anticipate the effects of an movement as the split that succumbs to the greatest benefit, to the pop of people, is the pick that is ethically right.Beenen and Pinto ( 2009 ) place that corrupt administrations, such as Enron, act unethically by determinations, that be usually, do by a group of senior employees to scratch the administration. Decisions made by Jeff Skilling ( senior director ) to clear the chronicle books whitethorn get harbor of been, in his sentiment, as an ethically right mode to profit the stockholders and stakeholders, by portraying a strong fiscal image. However, the effects of this action did nt make the most sum of good for the most sum of people. Alternatively self-interest influenced unethical behavior by agencies of greed and force per unit area from Wall Street to profit, non the administration as a whole but, Jeff Skilling and direction , personally, for fiscal addition. Rational opportunism is good nevertheless greed is finally damaging ( DeGeorge, 2010 ) . turn the system of utilitarianism will ever former to profit the bulk, it can besides knock off the minority ( DeGeorge, 2010 ) . Sherron Watkins ability to do judgement that Enron s accounting criterions were im chaste created a regulation utilitarianism labialize with respects to the jurisprudence and the concern with equity castking to profit the bulk of people. Therefore, added benefits of regulation utilitarianism values justness and includes beneficence at the similar clip.In the eyes of a HR director, by taking action the bulk of the stakeholders would profit from a moral administration adhering to their codification of behavior, carry oning equity in all of their concern activities. However, an issue with this determination, while sherron was commended for making the right occasion, showed that her actions to pretermit the corrupt senior direc tion squad ( minority ) for the stakeholders ( bulk ) for a more ethical oeuvre started to inflicted harm to the full concern. Cable, News, Network ( CNN ) ( 2002 ) stated that Enron filed for settlement, people lost their occupations, well-nigh committed self-destruction and some(prenominal) were idle. Sherron may hold been seeking to make the right ( and hard ) thing but it may non hold been the best manner to acquire in front. Her opportunism was acting to go a effect for the bulk and she was unable to foretell the hereafter so as to see how her determinations would impact people subsequently on. A HR director needs to take into consideration that there is no manner of stating precisely what the cost of our behavior will be, we besides do what we think is right at that specific clip ( DeGeorge, 2010 ) . aft(prenominal) analyzing DeGeorge ( 2010 ) a useful attack to this display case survey in managing opportunism is excessively impractical. This is because the practical ap plication program of the theory requires the ability to foretell the long-run effects of an action and, to foretell those effects with foolproof fairness past experience can, to some extent, guide hereafter experience. However, there is neer any warrant that fortunes will turn out precisely the same ( DeGeorge, 2010 ) . This uncertainness can make unexpected consequences doing the useful attack expression unethical, as the clip the pick was made did nt profit the bulk for the greater good. A HR director needs to place that the fly in utilitarianism theory has no consideration for the minority nevertheless, Kantian theory suggests that it does nt pretermit this issue i.e. leting the minority to endure for the benefit of the bulk.Harmonizing to DeGeorge ( 2010 ) Kant s deontology theory is supported by the actions of an single under consideration. A corporate attack to an action suggests it can find whether an action is moral as it allows one to portray the consequence of everyone universally lending to this action.Immanuel Kant s theory ( DeGeorge, 2010 ) suggests that an person moldiness hold the freedom to truly act in a moral manner. In the instance survey, some employees understand the company is acting unethically i.e. chancy history criterions for personal addition. A HR director could place that these people have a pick to voice their concern, leave the company or travel along with the crowd nevertheless opportunism and the ability to be disciplined may present a menace to take any action. These people have physio analytic demands to back up household and a moral determination to voice their concerns, in this regard, could present an issue. By being immoral or good turn a blind oculus, to the state of affairs, could be the easiest option. Employees do hold a pick and the freedom to do a moral determination nevertheless self-interest can sometimes turn a moral thought into an immoral determination without the subject there is no freedom ( Wood, 20 08 ) .A deeper analysis of Kant s theory suggests that the construct of moralss is non based on desires or fortunes. Moral jurisprudence is a definite want because it has no precursor there is no but portion in the bid ( DeGeorge, 2010 ) . Sherron Watkins provided an illustration of how this theory works. Sherron adhered to Enron s ethical codification of behavior when analyzing the ethical quandary of accounting irregularities that were present. By placing this job to her director, visual sense Lay, she fulfilled her duties of duty. Continuing one s responsibility is what s considered ethically right ( Wood, 2008 ) . Sherron had found the worship through principle of her head as she was non influenced by feelings ( penchant ) , but alternatively she was concerned with resolved statements of responsibility ( I must ) .The theory suggests that an person has no flexibleness and no opportunity to see one s ain place ( DeGeorge, 2010 ) . Naturally, people seem to admit that certai n regulations must hold rational exclusions. For case, with respects to Ken Lay his determination non to fire Sherron Watkins could hold jeopardised Andy Fastow s place and the companies bespeaking persons may necessitate to lie to protect others. So, could a HR director be sensible to presume that the same regulations can be applied systematically in unlike fortunes? This makes Kantian moralss stiff because the effect of an action is non needfully separated from the action itself ( DeGeorge, 2010 ) . Unlike utilitarianism this theory is non based on societal public-service corporation. It avoids the useful defect of leting the minority to endure for the benefit of the bulk, based on free pick and similar to that of John Rawls theory of justness.As described by DeGeorge ( 2010 ) the classless, John Rawls, devised a supposititious theoretical account that proposed an person who, cover in a head covering of ignorance , would urge a merely society without any intellect of their pos ition in society. The person would take a system of justness that sufficiently provided for the lower net of society because the person could stop up being in that lower place so, avoids it by being merely and just.Enron executives paid above market fillips and wages, they awarded unethical behavior and punished good behavior. In a sense many employees would hold tried to make the right thing i.e. execute what was asked of them in their germane(predicate) occupation function. While most of these activities were lending to the overall unethical behavior, an employee would moderately obtain their pay and fillip if they performed in a satisfactory or above expected mode. Self-interest nowadayss an underlying job here. While the wage system of any administration should be just and merely, greed and utmost force per unit area to execute presented self-interest drivers that awarded immoral behavior. Rawls argued that regimented societies are uncommon due to the fact that what is merel y and unfair is commonly in difference ( Rawls, 2003 )Robert Nozick s libertarian theory of moralss is similar to Rawls in that they two gestate utilitarianism is a blemished theory due to the importance on the effects of policies and behavior ( Nozick, 1974 & A Rawls, 2003 ) . twain indicate that since utilitarianism high spots public-service corporation or contentment, within society, it can non warrant an account of averments such as averments of right which people are free to do upon the actions of others. Consequently, each sets out to develop a political theoretical theoretical account which sufficiently suggests what Nozick depicts every bit, the cardinal Kantian rule that persons are terminals and non simply means ( DeGeorge, 2010 ) .Nozick s theory suggests that people have the right to possess entitlements such as wage every bit long as it does nt decline the place of anyone else ( Nozick, 1974 ) . But if these entitlements were obtained unethically, does this declin e the place of anyone else? In one manus people are morally seeking to make the right thing but, in the instance of Cassandra, they finally acquire punished she moved to another place being seen as a menace. On the other manus people knew their actions were lending to immoral behavior as self-interest ( greed and force per unit area ) clouded their determination to make what is right. So what are our rights in state of affairss such as the above? The theory of rights can give a HR director penetration into how persons are defend in an ethically right manner.Harmonizing to DeGeorge ( 2010 ) rights are proposed by society which is protected and is precondition the topmost precedency. Since society endorsees rights they are considered to be ethically right and suited.DeGeorge ( 2010 ) indicates that an single must image what features of rights are in society, as this can present deductions. The implicit in issue in the instance survey is self-interest. Senior direction is responsib le to guarantee that the unity of the controls in the environment determines the effectivity of any control system, including wage, leave entitlements and occupation chances. With mention to Enron s codification of moralss ( 2000 ) dignity and common regard , for all employees, is a right that the company has promised to esteem and uphold. Clearly, this right was non apparent in this administration. Persons such as Sherron Watkins, Cassandra and Jeff McMahon were non given the right to be treated in a respectful mode as they were moved into disparate place disguised as publicities. The relevant rights in a concern context to freedom of lead were noted by direction, as they gave them a opportunity to show themselves nevertheless, this was rapidly extinguished. Control systems ( regulations ) may substitute with one s ain ego involvement to win or avoid failure controls are intended for precisely that intent. Those who would react to concern force per unit areas by hedging contro ls will counterbalance principles and tactics to warrant such an equivocation for tactics of disinformation and misrepresentation that they may utilize ( Donnelly, 2003 ) . For rights theory to be practical it must be used in combination with another ethical theory, such as ethical relativism, that will systematically sketch the aims of society.Ethical relativism refers to the rule that there are no normally valid or needed moral criterions as any two persons with differences in civilization, who have different ethical positions, sing an action, could at the same time be right ( DeGeorge, 2010 ) .Beenen and Pinto ( 2009 ) indicated that Jeff McMahon knew that Enron s accounting patterns were unethical while Andy Fastow s belief indicated his manner was ethically right i.e. for the greater good of the company. While both ethical positions are different they are besides both correct. The implicit in similarity here indicates that opportunism for personal addition was the chief driver relative to their different ethical sentiments. DeGeorge ( 2010 ) suggests a clear apprehension of this theory must be carefully dissected when compared with cultural relativism as cultural relativism explains the manner people really behave, and ethical relativism recommends how people ought to act.A HR director should admit that differences do nt incriminate that there are no normally valid moral criterions. It teaches us that persons may non ever hold on what the principals are or should be. Relativism is a stronger claim as defense that there are normally suited moral criterions. It is a theoretical claim about the being of common moral criterions, whether or non people believe in them ( DeGeorge, 2010 ) . Therefore, it must be verified or unproven by theoretical influences.In drumhead, ethical theories need to be examined and measured against one another to undertake the issue of self-interest. No one theory on its ain is genuinely valid, instead a coaction of all theories s hould be used in order to give a professional ( HR director ) the necessary tools to make schemes and analyze the likeliness of unethical behavior.Enron ignored its ethical codification of behavior, self-interest ( greed and utmost force per unit area ) influenced direction in an unethical mode. For moralss to be adhered to companies necessitate to travel beyond the touch of simple legal conformity and follow values based on organizational civilization. Ethical logical thinking is non natural it s a accomplishment that must be learned and practiced.

Competence and Career Interests Profiler Paper

I was very surprised when I took the C atomic number 18er Profiler I had taken something like this when I was a senior in high school. In high school my results suggested that I should do something in agriculture, and now 11 years later it suggests that I should do something in Business, Finance or Law. These results were not surprising to me. These are things that I have actually ceaselessly been interested in. I discipline out that knowing my competencies is really difference to help me with my critical thinking in the future. I had never really considered myself someone who thought logically, unless according to my results I do.Knowing this will help me to stop second guessing myself whenever I think I am way off from the mark. I already knew that I am a researcher, because I jazz knowing everything about everything, I love to investigate topics and see where things pouched. Having this confirmed will bring in me the confidence to trust my instincts about myself. I have a lways loved writing and I already use it to my benefit. So researching and writing are competencies that I already knew that I possessed and having them confirmed was nice. I have already used some of the competencies that I knew I had to help me evaluate arguments.Because I love to research and to write I would already use these to my benefit when it came to arguments or discussions. Before I start any kind of argument or discussion with anyone I always make sure that I know what I am talking about. I try to have as much culture as possible, so that way when I am faced with a rebuttal, I have literal information. I dont like entering something without knowing that I have facts to back me up. It is always good to know what you succeed in so you can draw from those strengths and then you can work on your weaknesses.

Introduction of Tea Essay

Chapter 1THE PROBLEM AND REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATUREIntroductionTea, however has been a beverage in mainland China as early as 10th century BC. some(prenominal) nations through and throughout history concord savored it and nigh of them be China, Japan, Korea, Vietnam, Greece, India, Iran and Turkey.Also, aside from being considered as a run of the mill drink, tea presents supposed well upness benefits. Some authorities understand that drinking tea all toldegedly helps in pr neverthelessting rearcer. Of course, in that location are detractors who say that drinking tea can too cause coronary disease. Some even say that the utilization of various forms of tea results in acute liver damage. Considering all of these, tea, therefore can be divisive. in that respect is, however, a nonher way that people uniformly view tea it can ba a execut up to(p) product or business. In fact, al most(prenominal) all restaurants in the country offer Ices Tea. Nestle pull outs funds out o f Nestea. Tea indeed is a profitable business venture.Nowadays, there is a new tea craze sweeping the metropolis. People line up to savor this new incarnation of tea. Some even spend more(prenominal) than 30 minutes just to drink this new fad. It is milk tea. Whats your cling to indulgence? A warm cup of coffee at the start of the day?Or maybe a mug of hot chocolate after a stressful week? For those of you who have a taste for unique, rich flavors and are craving something new yet familiar, theres a comfy little cafe that offers just the thing you need.Nowadays, beverages are one of the most popular hangouts among adults and young adults or those whom we call yuppies or young urban professionals. This is the place where they can have the opportunity to relax, unwind after an exhausting week of work.The emergence of new beverage establishments is to a fault evident these days. As a result, cruddy competition arises among beverage establishment.Competitionamong beverages should n ot be the simply focus of attention of beverage managers. They also have to consider the effects of the continuing economical crisis that we are experiencing today and how they will be able to handle difficult situations up with it so that their business will continue its operation and not be affected.The uses of promotional strategies are very famous among beverage establishments. This helps them attract more potential customers. It is also a business strategy that they can use to be able to context the tight competition, see the continuous worsening of our economy and at the same time be able to give their customers satisfaction in the products and services they are availing.This pick out is focus on promotional strategies employ by the selected Happy Lemon branches. The establishment was chosen because of the interest of the tec which is a field of report card of the researcher. Similarly the topic promotional strategies are one of the practices, most popular and common amo ng beverages establishments to attract their customers, which the researcher should be familiar with as future entrepreneurs.Review of Related LiteratureA. Milk Tea in The PhilippinesIn the past year, tea grasss are increasing all everywhere the metro, effectively cementing its place as the biggest food/beverage trend of 2011. According to Bianca Consunji and RonnaCapili, Milk Tea is more affordable than cold precedent coffee.B. Milk Tea As a BusinessOriginally from Hong Kong, Happy Lemon was brought to the country by a group of Chinese-Filipino businessmen who have been friends since grade school and college thou Gaisano, Kristine Gaisano, Smart Gilas player/TV host Chris Tiu, Andy See, Wesley Pardilla, and Edward Go. The young entrepreneurs share a common love for milk tea. Since there are single a few restaurants which serve good quality milk tea in the Philippines, they went abroad in search for the best cup of milk tea.Then, Kelvin got an idea.Why dont we put up a milk tea business? he suggested. All agreed. But finding the perfect pock to bring to the Philippines was the challenge. Chris Tiu related Filipinos, to some extent, have already been introduced to milk tea, but we unavoidableness them to develop a deeper appreciation for it by offering quality beverages that boast of unique and delicious flavors, made from the freshest ingredients from around the world.Kelvin Gaisano added We know there are risks involved. But we also believe that there is an under-served mart for milk tea. In their quest to find the best milk tea, the seven young businessmen went everywhere and tried contrastive milk tea brands. One day, they chanced upon Happy Lemon, a Hong Kong-based milk tea business that has been in the market since 2006. As they waltzed inside the store and started looking at the menu, they knew they had found The One. They agreed to bring the brand habitation to the Philippines. However, it wasnt an easy task. Tiu shared that they had to wait lo ng before the franchise was finally granted to them. It was a long process of courtship, he said. For one, we didnt know who to contact for the franchising. Two, besides one of us, Andy See, knows how to speak continuous Mandarin.They sent letter after letter. They followed up each letter with calls, but they received no reply at all until September 2009 when someone from the Happy Lemon headquarters in Hong Kong informed them that they were straight-from-the-shoulder to the idea of establishing Happy Lemon in the Philippines. In November 2010, Happy Lemon opened its door to Filipino milk tea lovers, including those who are curious about the brand. A quick look at the beverage menu is enough to pique ones curiosity.Using the good quality tea leaves import from China which are freshly brewed every day, Happy Lemon has some(prenominal) milk tea variants much(prenominal) as the Lemon Series, recommended for those who feel thirsty the Rock Salt Cheese, their best-seller the plain Milk Tea series Mousse Spin, which is more popular among the younger ones Cocoa & Coffee, which is more chocolate and coffee based with several toppings and the exotic Specialty Drinks and Fresh Tea drinks, which are less sugary and specially made for wellness conscious individuals. For former King Eagle and current television host Chris Tiu, it was a love for ruffle tea that led to joining the Gaisano family and their partners in bringing Hong Kongs Happy Lemon brand to topical anesthetic shores.In Vancouver, Canada, the tea places are really packed. Here, its always been about coffee, so we think that theres room for Filipinos to learn to appreciate tea, he shares. -Happy Lemon is a Hong Kong-based drink shop brought to the Philippines by a group of friends from Ateneo, who have discovered it during their travels and grown to love it. Happy Lemon has over 100 branches worldwide, with the first local branch having opened at the Promenade in Green hills only last November. Due to its immense popularity, new branches are already being planned for Eastwood and Power base Mall.But, what makes Happy Lemon different from all the other beverage hubs cropping up lately? Athlete and TV host Chris Tiu, head of Happy Lemons Marketing and Business Development, says, First of all, everything is fresh. The products, theyre all made from freshly brewed tea, so the flavor is more distinct. Plus, the products are very unique. The company spends a draw in and research and development, so theyre really high quality. Its not like other brands that are mostly powdered lang.He explained that while most fast drink providers are for to-go orders only, the group valued Happy Lemon to be more of a homey place with a warm, welcoming ambiance. We want to make it a destination where people can go and hang out with their friends, says Chris. Instead of difference out on gimmicks at night or drinking alcohol, go here na lang. healthful tayo, di ba? Healthy pa CJ de los Santos, Cosm o.ph Staff WriterMay 23, 2011Occasion Based Marketing is an draw close to connect when and why consumers use the product with how they shop for the product. Companies need to realize that their customers are not only different from each other, but are also different from themselves at different times. People have different needs when they are at work and when they are at home or socializing. The results of this moot would mean that the consumer durable companies andretailers are adapting various promotional strategies to attract deal prone, promotion liking customers. Consumers are bombarded with messages pitched through a growing number of channels broadcast and narrow cast television, radio, on-line(a) computer networks, the internet, telephone services such as fax and telemarketing, and niche magazines and other print media. In developing the product strategy, marketers strive for the right mix of promotional elements to make sure that their product is well received.One of the primary goals of a customer promotion is to entice the customer to take the final rate and make a purchase Advertising creates the interest and excitement that brings the consumer into the store. Marketers then use other tactics in conjunction with advertising programs. In attachment to leading to the final decision to buy an item, consumer promotions programs can be highly effective in bringing traffic into a store and generating brand loyalty. (Stanley George June 30, 2012) Many marketers believe that behavioral variables occasions, benefits, user status, usage rate, loyalty status, buyer readiness stage, and attitude- are the best commencement points for constructing market segments (Philip Kotler, Keller, Koshy and Jha, 2007). Buyers can be distinguished according to the occasions they develop a need, purchase a product or use a product (Philip Kotler, 2002).Marketing managers and advertising agencies have realized that to make their communication programs effective, they have to rely on sales promotions, public relations, personal selling, and direct marketing, in addition to conventional advertising campaigns. In todays markets it is no longer a choice among advertising or promotion rather, it is a combination of advertising and promotion (Roberto and Roberto, 2005). Research has shown that advertising is most effective when used along with sales promotion, and sales promotions are more effective when communicated well through advertising so as to increase awareness of the promotional offers (Joseph and Sivakumaran, 2008)Statement of the ProblemThe study think to determine the potence of the Promotional Strategies employed by the selected branches of Happy Lemon.Specifically, the study aims to answer the following fill in problem. 1. What is the profile of the customers?2. What are the reasons for customers patronage in response to the promotional strategies? 3. How do the customers perceive the Effectiveness of the strategies as promotional to ol? 4. What are the common problems the customers encounter?5. What are the comments and suggestions to improve their promotional strategies?Significance of the acceptIndustry Partners of SPUQC. The study enables the Industry Partners of SPUQC to know the preferred non-alcoholic beverages of students of SPUQC for them to manufacture more of those and to accrue more profit. Entreprenuers. The study enables the entrepreneurs to be aware of what are the popular non-alcoholic beverages in the present and for them to innovate and manufacture to accrue more profits. Students of St. Paul University Quezon metropolis. This study enables the students to be satisfied with their preferred non-alcoholic beverages and for them to know the positive and negative effects of it. coming(prenominal) Researchers. The study enables the future researchers to make this research as their starting point and for them to have a file name extension to base on what are the preferences of students on non-alco holic beverages.Scope and LimitationThis study will deal with the Effectiveness of the Promotional Strategies of Selected Happy Lemon Branches As Perceived by the Customers The variables are non-alcoholic beverages which are soft drinks, juices, tea, coffee, milk, zippo drinks, chocolate drinks. This study will only include random college students of all the courses in St. Paul University Quezon City and random customers of Happy Lemon.